Anyone having flown a plane should understand this. There are only two limits to a wing powered lift off.
And that is pretty simple. You just have to acquire enough lift before you run out of runway. Nothing else matters. Getting that lift usually involves forward movement, to increase air speed. There is an air speed lift design to each plane depending on load and air temperature. So technically the plane could lift off if the air speed was high enough with the plane sitting still. Or the conveyer belt could propel the plane fast enough to create lift with the plane stationary to the belt.
For this very simple reason, you always take off and land against the wind. We used to have an air port in Tulsa , 81st, that was very short. But with a little head wind you could make ok if you did a power stall start,, Except, when it got over a 100 degrees and no wind. As we should know in our business, hot air is thinner with less lift. It also affect the engine HP.
But back to the conveyer belt. The only effect the conveyer belt could have on the plane is if it created or counteracted air speed.
"Imagine a plane is sitting on a massive conveyor belt, as wide and as long as a runway. The conveyer belt is designed to Can the plane take off?"
If the plane starts forward motion to the ground, and the conveyer belt
exactly match the speed of the wheels, moving in the opposite direction.
The wheel would be stopped in relationship to the belt, The belt would essentially move at the same speed as the plane while the wheels stood still. When the plane reached lift off speed it would lift without every turning a wheel.